Snelson, Ok. Snelson on the tensegrity invention. Int. J. House Struct. 11, 43–48 (1996).
Snelson, Ok. D. Steady pressure, discontinuous compression constructions. US patent 3,169,611 (1965).
Micheletti, A. & Podio-Guidugli, P. Seventy years of tensegrities (and counting). Arch. Appl. Mech. 92, 2525–2548 (2022).
Snelson, Ok. The artwork of tensegrity. Int. J. House Struct. 27, 71–80 (2012).
Fuller, R. B. Tensile-integrity constructions. US patent 3,063,521 (1962).
Gilewski, W., Kłosowska, J. & Obara, P. Purposes of tensegrity constructions in civil engineering. Procedia Eng. 111, 242–248 (2015).
Chen, C. S. & Ingber, D. E. Tensegrity and mechanoregulation: from skeleton to cytoskeleton. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 7, 81–94 (1999).
Wang, N. et al. Mechanical habits in dwelling cells per the tensegrity mannequin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7765–7770 (2001).
Shah, D. S. et al. Tensegrity robotics. Comfortable Robotic. 4, 639–656 (2021).
Liu, Y., Bi, Q., Yue, X., Wu, J., Yang, B. & Li, Y. A evaluation on tensegrity structures-based robots. Mech. Mach. Concept 168, 104571 (2022).
Skelton, R. E., Adhikari, R., Pinaud, J.-P., Chan, W. & Helton, J. An introduction to the mechanics of tensegrity constructions. In Proc. fortieth IEEE Convention on Determination and Management Vol. 5, 4254–4259 (IEEE, 2001).
Sabelhaus, A. P. et al. System design and locomotion of superball, an untethered tensegrity robotic. In 2015 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Robotics and Automation 2867–2873 (IEEE, 2015).
‘Squishy robotics’. Squishy Robotics https://squishy-robotics.com/ (accessed 20 March 2025).
Rimoli, J. J. A reduced-order mannequin for the dynamic and post-buckling habits of tensegrity constructions. Mech. Mater. 116, 146–157 (2018).
Pajunen, Ok., Johanns, P., Pal, R. Ok., Rimoli, J. J. & Daraio, C. Design and affect response of 3D-printable tensegrity-inspired constructions. Mater. Design 182, 107966 (2019).
Zhang, A. S. Design of Influence-Resistant Tensegrity Landers (Univ. California, 2022).
Vespignani, M., Friesen, J. M., SunSpiral, V. & Bruce, J. Design of superball v2, a compliant tensegrity robotic for absorbing massive impacts. In 2018 IEEE/RSJ Worldwide Convention on Clever Robots and Techniques 2865–2871 (IEEE, 2018).
Rieffel, J. & Mouret, J.-B. Adaptive and resilient mushy tensegrity robots. Comfortable Robotic. 5, 318–329 (2018).
Paul, C., Valero-Cuevas, F. J. & Lipson, H. Design and management of tensegrity robots for locomotion. IEEE Trans. Robotic. 22, 944–957 (2006).
Zappetti, D., Mintchev, S., Shintake, J. & Floreano, D. Bio-inspired tensegrity mushy modular robots. In Convention on Biomimetic and Biohybrid Techniques 497–508 (Springer, 2017).
Kobayashi, R., Nabae, H., Endo, G. & Suzumori, Ok. Comfortable tensegrity robotic pushed by skinny synthetic muscle tissues for the exploration of unknown spatial configurations. IEEE Robotic. Autom. Lett. 7, 5349–5356 (2022).
Chen, L.-H. et al. Comfortable spherical tensegrity robotic design utilizing rod-centered actuation and management. J. Mech. Robotic. 9, 025001 (2017).
Wang, Z., Li, Ok., He, Q. & Cai, S. A light-weight-powered ultralight tensegrity robotic with excessive deformability and cargo capability. Adv. Mater. 31, 1806849 (2019).
Littlefield, Z. et al. Kinodynamic planning for spherical tensegrity locomotion with efficient gait primitives. Int. J. Robotic. Res. 38, 1442–1462 (2019).
Chen, L.-H. et al. Inclined floor locomotion methods for spherical tensegrity robots. In 2017 IEEE/RSJ Worldwide Convention on Clever Robots and Techniques 4976–4981 (IEEE, 2017).
Kaufhold, T., Schale, F., Böhm, V. & Zimmermann, Ok. Indoor locomotion experiments of a spherical cellular robotic based mostly on a tensegrity construction with curved compressed members. In 2017 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Superior Clever Mechatronics 523–528 (IEEE, 2017).
Rhodes, T. & Vikas, V. Compact tensegrity robots able to locomotion by way of mass-shifting. Int. Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. Comput. Inform. Eng. Conf. 59247, V05BT07A021 (2019).
Baines, R. L., Sales space, J. W. & Kramer-Bottiglio, R. Rolling mushy membrane-driven tensegrity robots. IEEE Robotic. Autom. Lett. 5, 6567–6574 (2020).
Kim, Ok., Agogino, A. Ok. & Agogino, A. M. Rolling locomotion of cable-driven mushy spherical tensegrity robots. Comfortable Robotic. 7, 346–361 (2020).
Sales space, J. W. et al. Floor actuation and sensing of a tensegrity construction utilizing robotic skins. Comfortable Robotic. 9, 531–541 (2020).
Surovik, D., Wang, Ok., Vespignani, M., Bruce, J. & Bekris, Ok. E. Adaptive tensegrity locomotion: controlling a compliant icosahedron with symmetry-reduced reinforcement studying. Int. J. Robotic. Res. 40, 375–396 (2021).
Böhm, V. & Zimmermann, Ok. Vibration-driven cellular robots based mostly on single actuated tensegrity constructions. In 2013 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Robotics and Automation 5475–5480 (IEEE, 2013).
Kimber, J. et al. Low-cost wi-fi modular mushy tensegrity robots. In 2019 2nd IEEE Worldwide Convention on Comfortable Robotics 88–93 (IEEE, 2019).
Chung, Y. S., Lee, J.-H., Jang, J. H., Choi, H. R. & Rodrigue, H. Leaping tensegrity robotic based mostly on torsionally prestrained sma springs. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 40793–40799 (2019).
Garanger, Ok. et al. in Earth and House 2021 841–854 (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020).
Friesen, J. M. et al. The second technology prototype of a duct climbing tensegrity robotic, ducttv2. In 2016 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Robotics and Automation 2123–2128 (IEEE, 2016).
Chen, B. & Jiang, H. Swimming efficiency of a tensegrity robotic fish. Comfortable Robotic. 6, 520–531 (2019).
Shintake, J., Zappetti, D., Peter, T., Ikemoto, Y. & Floreano, D. Bio-inspired tensegrity fish robotic. In 2020 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Robotics and Automation 2887–2892 (IEEE, 2020).
Mintchev, S., Zappetti, D., Willemin, J. & Floreano, D. A mushy robotic for random exploration of terrestrial environments. In 2018 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Robotics and Automation 7492–7497 (IEEE, 2018).
Zha, J., Wu, X., Kroeger, J., Perez, N. & Mueller, M. W. A collision-resilient aerial car with icosahedron tensegrity construction. In 2020 IEEE/RSJ Worldwide Convention on Clever Robots and Techniques 1407–1412 (IEEE, 2020).
Caluwaerts, Ok., Bruce, J., Friesen, J. M. & SunSpiral, V. State estimation for tensegrity robots. In 2016 IEEE Worldwide Convention on Robotics and Automation 1860–1865 (IEEE, 2016).
Lu, S. et al. in The Worldwide Symposium of Robotics Analysis 136–152 (Springer, 2022).
Li, W.-Y., Takata, A., Nabae, H., Endo, G. & Suzumori, Ok. Form recognition of a tensegrity with mushy sensor threads and synthetic muscle tissues utilizing a recurrent neural community. IEEE Robotic. Autom. Lett. 6, 6228–6234 (2021).
Johnson, W. R., Agrawala, A., Huang, X., Sales space, J. & Kramer-Bottiglio, R. Sensor tendons for mushy robotic form estimation. In 2022 IEEE Sensors 1–4 (IEEE, 2022).
Wang, X. et al. Printed conformable liquid metallic e-skin-enabled spatiotemporally managed bioelectromagnetics for wi-fi multisite tumor remedy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1907063 (2019).
Kong, W. et al. Oxide-mediated mechanisms of gallium foam technology and stabilization throughout shear mixing in air. Comfortable Matter 16, 5801–5805 (2020).
Wang, Ok. et al. Real2sim2real switch for management of cable-driven robots by way of a differentiable physics engine. IEEE/RSJ Worldwide Convention on Clever Robots and Techniques 2534–2541 (IEEE,2023).
Nagabandi, A. et al. Studying image-conditioned dynamics fashions for management of underactuated legged millirobots. In 2018 IEEE/RSJ Worldwide Convention on Clever Robots and Techniques 4606–4613 (IEEE, 2018).
Huang, X. et al. Design and closed-loop movement planning of an untethered swimming mushy robotic utilizing 2nd discrete elastic rods simulations. Adv. Intell. Syst. 4, 2200163 (2022).
Zappetti, D., Solar, Y., Gevers, M., Mintchev, S. & Floreano, D. Twin stiffness tensegrity platform for resilient robotics. Adv. Intell. Syst. 4, 2200025 (2022).
Spiegel, S., Solar, J. & Zhao, J. A shape-changing wheeling and leaping robotic utilizing tensegrity wheels and bistable mechanism. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 28, 2073–2082 (2023).
Shintake, J., Piskarev, Y., Jeong, S. H. & Floreano, D. Ultrastretchable pressure sensors utilizing carbon black-filled elastomer composites and comparability of capacitive versus resistive sensors. Adv. Mater. Technol. 3, 1700284 (2018).
Richardson, A., Strom, J. & Olson, E. Aprilcal: assisted and repeatable digital camera calibration. In 2013 IEEE/RSJ Worldwide Convention on Clever Robots and Techniques 1814–1821 (IEEE, 2013).
Johnson, W. R. & Huang, X. Influence-resistant tensegrity robots impressed by tensegrity structure. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32273583 (2026).
Johnson, W. R. & Huang, X. ChemStud24/tensegrity-control: Code for controlling Tribar. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20347612 (2026).